Biomaterial implantation into the human body plays a key role in the medical field and biological applications. Increasing the life expectancy of biomaterial implants, reducing the rejection reaction inside the human body and reducing the risk of infection

The clinical demand for tissue-engineered vascular grafts is still rising, and there are many challenges that need to be overcome, in particular, to obtain functional small-diameter grafts. The many advances made in cell culture, biomaterials, manufacturing

PEGylation is the gold standard in protein‐polymer conjugation, improving circulation half‐life of biologics while mitigating the immune response to a foreign substance. However, pre‐existing anti‐PEG antibodies in healthy humans are becoming increasingly